Ingeniería Civil y Estructural

[:es][fusion_builder_container hundred_percent=»no» equal_height_columns=»no» menu_anchor=»» hide_on_mobile=»small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility» class=»» id=»» background_color=»» background_image=»http://www.atpimsa.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/atpimsa_ingenieria-civil-y-estructural.jpg» background_position=»center center» background_repeat=»no-repeat» fade=»no» background_parallax=»up» enable_mobile=»no» parallax_speed=»0.3″ video_mp4=»» video_webm=»» video_ogv=»» video_url=»» video_aspect_ratio=»16:9″ video_loop=»yes» video_mute=»yes» overlay_color=»» overlay_opacity=»0.5″ video_preview_image=»» border_size=»» border_color=»» border_style=»solid» margin_top=»» margin_bottom=»» padding_top=»130px» padding_right=»» padding_bottom=»120px» padding_left=»»][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type=»1_2″ layout=»1_2″ spacing=»» center_content=»no» hover_type=»none» link=»» min_height=»» hide_on_mobile=»small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility» class=»» id=»» background_color=»» background_image=»» background_position=»left top» background_repeat=»no-repeat» border_size=»0″ border_color=»» border_style=»solid» border_position=»all» padding=»» dimension_margin=»» animation_type=»» animation_direction=»left» animation_speed=»0.3″ animation_offset=»» last=»no»][fusion_title margin_top=»» margin_bottom=»» hide_on_mobile=»small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility» class=»» id=»» size=»2″ content_align=»left» style_type=»none» sep_color=»»]Ingeniería Civil y Estructural[/fusion_title][fusion_text]El departamento de ingeniería civil y estructural se encarga del diseño estructural en concreto y acero para diferentes edificaciones: naves industriales, plataformas de operación, soportes, escaleras, puentes y racks para tuberías, grúas viajeras, edificio de oficinas, silos de concreto y acero, diseño de vialidades, túneles, terracerías, movimiento de tierras, pavimentos, cimentaciones y muros de contención, diseño topográfico, de drenajes hidrosanitarios y pluviales, diseño de fosas y cisternas. Además, especifica y propone materiales en sus diseños.[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column][fusion_builder_column type=»1_2″ layout=»1_2″ spacing=»» center_content=»no» hover_type=»none» link=»» min_height=»» hide_on_mobile=»small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility» class=»» id=»» background_color=»» background_image=»» background_position=»left top» background_repeat=»no-repeat» border_size=»0″ border_color=»» border_style=»solid» border_position=»all» padding=»» dimension_margin=»» animation_type=»» animation_direction=»left» animation_speed=»0.3″ animation_offset=»» last=»no» element_content=»»][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container][fusion_builder_container hundred_percent=»no» equal_height_columns=»no» menu_anchor=»» hide_on_mobile=»small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility» class=»» id=»» background_color=»» background_image=»» background_position=»center center» background_repeat=»no-repeat» fade=»no» background_parallax=»none» enable_mobile=»no» parallax_speed=»0.3″ video_mp4=»» video_webm=»» video_ogv=»» video_url=»» video_aspect_ratio=»16:9″ video_loop=»yes» video_mute=»yes» overlay_color=»» overlay_opacity=»0.5″ video_preview_image=»» border_size=»» border_color=»» border_style=»solid» margin_top=»» margin_bottom=»» padding_top=»60px» padding_right=»» padding_bottom=»40px» padding_left=»»][fusion_builder_row][fusion_builder_column type=»2_3″ layout=»2_3″ spacing=»» center_content=»no» hover_type=»none» link=»» min_height=»» hide_on_mobile=»small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility» class=»» id=»» background_color=»» background_image=»» background_position=»left top» background_repeat=»no-repeat» border_size=»0″ border_color=»» border_style=»solid» border_position=»all» padding=»» dimension_margin=»» animation_type=»» animation_direction=»left» animation_speed=»0.3″ animation_offset=»» last=»no»][fusion_title margin_top=»» margin_bottom=»0″ hide_on_mobile=»small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility» class=»» id=»» size=»2″ content_align=»left» style_type=»none» sep_color=»»]

Ingeniería Civil

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Dentro de la ingeniería civil, es posible distinguir entre ingeniería estructural (que calcula la resistencia máxima de elementos sometidos a distintas cargas), la ingeniería geotécnica (estima la resistencia entre partículas de la corteza terrestre y de suelos en general para asegurar la interacción del suelo con la estructura), la ingeniería hidráulica, la ingeniería de transporte e infraestructura vial y la gerencia e ingeniería de construcción.

Cabe destacar que la labor de los ingenieros civiles permite la construcción de edificios, carreteras, autopistas, puentes, puertos, aeropuertos, túneles, canales de navegación, muelles y diques, entre otros.

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Ingeniería Estructural

La ingeniería estructural es una especialidad de la ingeniería civil que permite la planeación y el diseño de las partes que forman el esqueleto resistente de las edificaciones más tradicionales como edificios urbanos, construcciones industriales, puentes, estructuras de desarrollo hidráulico y otras.

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El esqueleto estructural forma un sistema integrado de partes, denominadas elementos estructurales:

vigas
columnas
losas
zapatas de cimentación y otros.

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A menudo se requiere resolver problemas de elevada complejidad que se resuelven mediante técnicas de elementos finitos que obligan a penetrar en el cálculo diferencial e integral de diversas variables, temas de álgebra lineal, ecuaciones diferenciales y métodos numéricos.

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La actividad profesional del ingeniero estructural se inicia con un bosquejo de la futura edificación, en el cual se comienzan a definir las dimensiones generales tanto en planta como en alzado. Compara las alternativas referentes al material básico de construcción: la conveniencia de usar concreto reforzado o pre-esforzado, acero, madera, mampostería confinada o reforzada, aluminio u otras posibilidades más recientes. Asimismo, define previamente las dimensiones longitudinales y transversales de los elementos estructurales.

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En la ingeniería estructural de las obras urbanas, el trabajo entre arquitectos e ingenieros resulta a menudo inseparable.

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Definidas las características geométricas preliminares se pasa al proceso de pre-dimensionamiento de los elementos estructurales:

Dimensiones de las vigas y columnas
Características de la cimentación
Definición de escaleras
Muros de contención
Posición de ductos de aire acondicionado.

Luego se evalúa las cargas que soportará la edificación:

Cargas muertas que son cargas que no varían dentro de la estructura ni a lo largo del tiempo
Cargas vivas que varían en espacio o en el tiempo, por el ejemplo, el peso de los ocupantes y los muebles.

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El ingeniero a cargo debe analizar las fuerzas de reacción
y deformaciones del esqueleto resistente debido a las cargas.

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Para esto, los ingenieros disponen de programas computarizados en sus oficinas para la solución de los problemas corrientes. Algunos de los programas empleados tienen capacidades gráficas que generan dibujos de las fuerzas internas y deformaciones para muchos estados de carga.

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Si las fuerzas internas (torsión, momento flexor y cortante) obtenidas del análisis resultan compatibles con las resistentes y las deformaciones, se suponen terminada la primera fase del procedimiento.

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Luego se procede al refinamiento del diseño: se trata de llegar a un modelo que resulte de modo razonable más económico y funcional; al decir razonable queremos decir que se tenga en cuenta la facilidad constructiva de lo que se analiza y se diseña.

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La fase de elaboración de los planos debe ser ejecutada por ingenieros de alta experiencia buscando que en definitiva los planos contengan lo que se debe construir. Los planos de construcción deben ser claros, indicando los materiales a usar, detalles de refuerzo, con las indicaciones precisas de las dimensiones y de las etapas previstas.

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Civil and Structural Engineering

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The department of civil and structural engineering is in charge of concrete and steel structural design for different buildings: industrial warehouses, operating platforms, stairs, bridges and pipe racks cranes, office building, concrete and steel silos, Design of roadways, tunnels, earthworks, pavements, foundations and retaining walls, hydrosanitary and rainwater drainage, trench and cistern design. In addition, it specifies and proposes special materials in its designs.

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Civil Engineering

Within civil engineering, it is possible to distinguish between structural engineering (which calculates the maximum resistance of elements subjected to different loads), geotechnical engineering (estimates the resistance between the particles of the ground to understand the interaction of the soil With the structure), hydraulic engineering, transport engineering and road infrastructure and construction management and engineering.

It should be noted that the work of civil engineers allows the construction of buildings, roads, highways, bridges, ports, airports, tunnels, navigation channels, quays and dams, among others.

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Structural engineering

Structural engineering is a specialty of civil engineering that allows the planning and design of parts that form the resistant skeleton of more traditional buildings such as urban buildings, industrial buildings, bridges, hydraulic development structures and others.

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The structural skeleton forms an integrated system of parts, called structural elements:

Beams
Columns
Slabs
Foundations and others.

It is often necessary to face highly complex problems that are cracked by finite element techniques that solves the differential and integral equations of several thousand variables, using linear algebra, differential equations and numerical methods.

The professional activity of the structural engineer starts with a sketch of the future building, in which the general dimensions are defined in both the floor plan and the elevation. Compare alternatives for basic building materials: the convenience of using reinforced or pre-stressed concrete, steel, wood, confined or reinforced masonry, aluminum or other more recent possibilities. It also defines the longitudinal and transverse dimensions of the structural elements.

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In the structural engineering of urban works, work between architects and engineers is often inseparable.

Defined the preliminary geometric characteristics is passed to the process of pre-dimensioning of the structural elements:

Dimensions of beams and columns
Characteristics of the foundation
Stairs definition
Retaining walls

Then the loads that will support the building are evaluated:

Dead loads that are loads that do not vary within the structure or over time
Living loads that vary in space or time.

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The engineer in charge must analyze the reaction forces
and deformations of the skeleton resistant due to the loads.

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For this, the engineers have computer programs that aids in the solution of current problems. Some of the programs used have graphical interface capabilities that generate drawings of the internal stresses and deformations for different load models.

If the internal forces (torsion, flexion and shear) obtained from the analysis are within the allowed strengths and deformations, the first stage of the procedure is assumed to have ended.

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Then we proceed to the refinement of the design: it arrives at a model that results in a reasonable way as the more economic and functional option; to say reasonable we mean to take into account the constructive ease of what is analyzed and designed.

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The drafting phase of the drawings must be carried out by highly experienced engineers, so that the plans contain what is to be built. The construction plans must be clear, indicating the materials to be used, details of reinforcement, with the precise indications of the dimensions and the planned stages.

In addition, they must be prepared to advise the builder that he shall not take measures at scale or make assumptions upon the drawings.

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